In a separate study at the University of Kansas, researchers had subjects use chopsticks to shape their mouths into smiles or frowns, and then induce a stressful situation. The results were surprising: those simulating smiles had lower heartrates and stress levels than those faking frowns. But surely fake smiling can't be the key to calming you down, right? Even if you're not actually happy, activating the muscles associated with smiling can fool your brain into thinking you are. Lead researcher Sarah Pressman PhD of the University of Kansas explains, "It's not just that our brains are happy and make us smile, it can also be the opposite -- we feel the smile and become happy.
The muscles of expression located around the mouth are the depressor anguli oris, the risorius, the zygomaticus major, the zygomaticus minor, and the levator labii superioris see above image, highlighted in blue. All of these muscles, specifically the zygomaticus muscles , are involved with smiling; they pull the orbicularis oris the circular muscle of your mouth upwards. These muscles are innervated by the various branches of the facial nerve VII , which -- when the muscles are activated -- send signals to the brain that you are smiling.
From there, endorphins are released into the bloodstream from the pituitary gland and the brain and spinal cord from the hypothalamus. Endorphins are opiod chemicals that bind to opiate receptors peptides that act as neurotransmitters. Think of endorphins as the body's natural painkillers, or opiates; they are released in times of stress good and bad , exercise, excitement, pain, love, and other emotional states, and you feel awesome because of them.
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March 16, 4 mins read. Vaccines work. Close this module. Sign up for FlipScience updates delivered straight to your inbox. Email juandelacruz example. A frown that merely lowers the corners of the mouth with a slight downward pouting of the lower lip uses only three muscle pairs, which means six muscles to frown.
And if that frown is further reduced to a robotic expression, it uses only two muscle pairs, or four muscles. Does it really take more muscles to frown? It depends on the frown, or the smile. If you think of a frown as just lowering the corners of the mouth, then it takes an equal number of muscles four to frown and to smile. How many muscles are in a smile? If we look at a smile that only raises the corners of the lips and the upper lip, it takes only five muscle pairs, or 10 total muscles, to do so.
However, if the smile is further reduced to a robotic expression of just raising the corners of the mouth, then it takes only two muscle pairs four muscles to smile. What is the smiling muscle? The zygomaticus major is the muscle that we think of as the smiling muscle. Are men or women happier? Sources Ackerman, Kenneth J, Ph. June 17, Handbook of emotions second edition. Guilford Press, ISBN , Niedenthal and colleagues from Cardiff University and the University of Glasgow published a set of experiments that seek to expand our understanding of the human smile this week in the journal Psychological Science , showing three distinct, reliably recognized expressions — smiles of reward, affiliation and dominance — and describing the facial muscle combinations that make them.
Each smile hinges on an anatomical feature known as the zygomaticus major, straps of facial muscle below the cheekbones that pull up the corners of the mouth. Participants in the study looked at thousands of computer-generated expressions with random combinations of facial muscles activated — with one exception. The researchers turned their participant-sorted smiles back on two more sets of observers, checking recognition and social messages until they had recipes for each smile.
Dominance smiles are used to signify status and manage social hierarchies. They dispense with the symmetry, pairing a bit of lopsided sneer with the raised brows and lifted cheeks typically associated with expressing enjoyment.
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