Credit to Jason Hollinger. It grows in clumps of up to 5 inches tall, forming mounds of cushion-like patches. It produces upright, slender stems that are covered in spear-head shaped leaves, which reach up to the sky. This type of moss is commonly found in woodland habitats, growing on moist soil, tree trunks, rocks, and logs.
Credit to Cody Hough. This is a type of feather moss that grows quickly, spreading rapidly sideways. It is commonly found in North America, with its favorite natural habitats being rotten wood, such as felled trees, old logs, and fence posts. Unlike most types of moss, shiny seductive moss enjoys full sun. The feathery foliage is mid-green in color, with a spreading growth habit that results in dense mats of it covering large areas of forest ground.
Credit to tim-waters. It is found across the world in boggy habitats and is frequently found to be the dominant type of moss in wetlands, with a higher rate of incidence than most other wild moss. It has orange-brown stalks and yellow-green fine foliage.
It fares best in cool climates and is widespread in Canada. Credit to John Game. This moss has a very decorative look, with small broad leaves packed in circles around the stems so that they look almost like a carpet of tiny green flowers. This moss is predominantly found growing on trees, though it will also grow on moist walls and rocks, and can be seen growing along the side of shaded roads.
This type of feather moss is widespread across the Northern Hemisphere, preferring cool climates such as Russia, Scotland, and Canada. It has red stems, which can measure up to 8 inches long, with gloss olive green foliage. It has a decorative appeal, like tiny branches of a spruce tree. It has antibacterial properties, and its uses include lining floral displays, as well as filling gaps in the building of log cabins in Canada and Alaska.
This type of moss grows on every continent on the globe. Unusually for moss, juniper moss prefers dry habitats and is rarely found growing in moist environments, it also grows well in exposed locations, whereas most moss prefers a sheltered habitat. It is widespread and can typically be found growing on dry grasslands, forest footpaths, quarries, and gravel.
It has an attractive but unfriendly look to it, with spiky foliage in rosette-like patterns. This fuzzy moss grows on long tail-like stems. However, the polymer was not isolated in sufficient quantities for structural characterization. The presence and functional significance of arabinogalactan proteins AGPs in the cell walls of P. Physcomitrella AGP glycans contain unusual terminal 3- O -methyl- L -rhamnosyl residues in addition to the 1,3,6 -linked galactopyranosyl, terminal arabinofuranosyl and 1,4 -linked glucuronopyranosyl residues typical of angiosperm AGPs Fu et al.
Extensin was weakly detected in P. Genome searches identified homologs of GT77 proteins implicated in extensin glycosylation Harholt et al. However, a comprehensive analysis of cell wall protein genes in P. Callose has been detected in mosses, including P. As in other plants and algae, callose is involved in normal developmental processes, including cytokinesis Scherp et al.
The association of callose with different developmental stages and stimuli is not unexpected since the P. However, the presence of lignin-like compounds in mosses is consistent with identification of P.
Although the protonemal filaments of mosses apparently lack cuticles, a hydrophobic cuticle-like layer has been reported in some moss gametophores and sporophytes Cook and Graham, ; Budke et al.
Although some authors have indicated that P. No analysis of P. While detailed structures of P. Further studies in P. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
We thank T. Page Owen and Connecticut College for use of their transmission electron microscope. Abel, W. A cytokinin-sensitive mutant of the moss, Physcomitrella patens , defective in chloroplast division. Protoplasma , 1— CrossRef Full Text. Buck, W. Shaw, and B. Goffinet Cambridge: Cambridge University Press , 71— Budke, J. A hundred-year-old question: is the moss calyptra covered by a cuticle? A case study of Funaria hygrometrica. Burton, R. Science , — Carafa, A. Distribution of cell-wall xylans in bryophytes and tracheophytes: new insights into basal interrelationships of land plants.
New Phytol. Carroll, A. Understanding plant cellulose synthases through a comprehensive investigation of the cellulose synthase family sequences. Plant Sci. Cocuron, J.
Cook, M. Structural similarities between surface layers of selected charophycean algae and bryophytes and the cuticles of vascular plants. Cove, D. The moss Physcomitrella patens. Cui, S. Proteome analysis of Physcomitrella patens exposed to progressive dehydration and rehydration.
Decker, E. Moss systems biology en route: phytohormones in Physcomitrella development. Plant Biol. Del Bem, L. Evolution of xyloglucan-related genes in green plants.
BMC Evol. Djerbi, S. The genome sequence of black cottonwood Populus trichocarpa reveals 18 conserved cellulose synthase CesA genes. Planta , — Doblin, M. Cellulose biosynthesis in plants: from genes to rosettes. Plant Cell Physiol. Doolittle, W. Evolutionary biology: a ratchet for protein complexity. Nature , — Pubmed Abstract Pubmed Full Text.
Distribution of lignin monomers and the evolution of lignification among lower plants. Finnigan, G. Evolution of increased complexity in a molecular machine. Fu, H. Physcomitrella patens arabinogalactan proteins contain abundant terminal 3- O -methyl- L -rhamnosyl residues not found in angiosperms. This is one of the most common mosses and is especially abundant in woodland.
It can be found in clumps up to 4cm-tall growing on tree bases, rotting wood, peat and rock ledges in acidic conditions. Common on damp ground, trees and rotting wood. It forms yellowish-green or dark green thick mats or tufts. More commonly found in neutral soils. Found in woodland, heaths and moors, forming glossy yellowish-green or brownish carpets with red stems. Shoots can be 10cm long or more.
Most common on acid soils or leached chalk grassland. This is my favourite moss of all, I love both its Latin and common name and the surprising brightness of the red stems when most of us assume moss is always green. A common moss, found on damp turf including lawns, in woodland near streams, and marshes, preferring acidic conditions. Red-stemmed with star-like shoot tips. Springy turf moss is also known as electrified cat's tail moss. More common in bogs, moors and marshes, but sometimes also appears in damp woodland.
There are around 30 different species of sphagnum in the UK. Peat is formed mainly of sphagnum moss. In some species the rhizoids are wound together, almost rope-like, and such strands are very effective at moving water by capillary action. In a dry moss plant the leaves are typically folded into or curled around the stems. In such cases the leaves unfold or uncurl when the plant becomes wet.
Thus a moss can look quite different in the wet and dry states. However, there are species where, even in a moist plant, the leaves still clasp the stem. The individual leaves are small, generally from half a millimetre to three millimetres long.
They are always attached directly to the stem, never with a short stalk. In most genera the leaves are just one cell thick, making them translucent. In many such genera the leaves are thickened along their long central axes. Such a thickening is called a nerve or costa.
There are a few genera such as Leucobryum and Sphagnum where the leaves are several cells thick. Moss leaves generally taper to the tip though the tapering may be sudden or gradual. The tip may continue as a long hair-like extension, called a hairpoint.
Campylopus introflexus , showing hair points. The photo right shows a colony of Campylopus introflexus , a common and widespread species in Australia. In this species each leaf has a hairpoint and the photo shows the hairpoints quite clearly. Leaf bases may vary, depending on species, being anything from much narrower to much wider than they are at mid-leaf, and they may be long or short in relation to width.
The leaves typically have smooth or almost smooth margins. The margins may be toothed but you don't get the heavily divided leaves that are common in the leafy liverworts. Different parts of the plant may have different types of leaves. For example, in many trailing species the leaves on the upright branches are different to those on the creeping stems. In many mosses, whether trailing or tufty, the leaves that surround the egg and sperm producing organs differ from the other leaves on the plant.
The male and female gametes eggs and sperm are produced on the gametophyte in special structures called antheridia and archegonia, respectively and a fertilized egg will develop into a sporophyte. Thus the spores are part of the sexual reproduction cycle. Mosses can be divided into two broad groups, depending on where the archegonia are produced. In the acrocarpous mosses the archegonia are produced at the ends of the main stems. In the pleurocarpous mosses the archegonia are produced on short side-shoots, not on the main stems.
A moss sporophyte consists of a spore-containing capsule, possibly sitting atop a stalk called a seta. In this photograph you can see many brownish sporophytes the stalked spore capsules that have grown from the greenish, leafy-stemmed gametophyte. In almost all moss species the capsule has a well-defined mouth at the end opposite the stalk or the point attaching the capsule to a stem. When there is a mouth, the spores are released through that mouth.
There is a very small number of mouth-less mosses - such as species of the genus Andreaea.
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